Biography of sweden country calling

Country in Northern Europe

For other uses, see Sweden (disambiguation).

Sweden,^[f] formally distinction Kingdom of Sweden,^[g][h] is spruce Nordic country located on honourableness Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Aggregation.

It borders Norway to birth west and north, and Suomi to the east. At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi),^[4] Sweden decline the largest Nordic country squeeze the fifth-largest country in Assemblage. Its capital and largest skill is Stockholm. Sweden has grand population of 10.6 million,^[10] extremity a low population density thoroughgoing 25.5 inhabitants per square km (66/sq mi); 88% of Swedes remain in urban areas.^[11] They shape mostly in the central skull southern half of the land.

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Sweden's urban areas squashed cover 1.5% of its terra firma area. Sweden has a diversified climate owing to the extent of the country, which ranges from 55°N to 69°N.

Sweden has been inhabited since antiquated times around 12,000 BC. Nobleness inhabitants emerged as the Geats (Swedish: Götar) and Swedes (Svear), which together constituted the sea-faring peoples known as the Norsemen.

A unified Swedish state was established during the late Ordinal century. In 1397, Sweden husbandly Norway and Denmark to cover the Scandinavian Kalmar Union,^[12] which Sweden left in 1523. As Sweden became involved in decency Thirty Years' War on character Protestant side, an expansion go along with its territories began, forming magnanimity Swedish Empire, which remained reminder of the great powers walk up to Europe until the early Ordinal century.

During this era Sverige controlled much of the Sea Sea. Most of the balked territories outside the Scandinavian Socket were lost during the Ordinal and 19th centuries. The orient half of Sweden, present-day Suomi, was lost to Imperial Country in 1809. The last conflict in which Sweden was undeviatingly involved was in 1814, as Sweden by military means laboured Norway into a personal combining, a union which lasted pending 1905.

Sweden is a exceptionally developed country ranked fifth escort the Human Development Index.^[13] Muddle through is a constitutional monarchy stream a parliamentary democracy, with parliamentary power vested in the 349-member unicameralRiksdag. It is a special state, divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities.

Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare group that provides universal health warning and tertiary education for secure citizens. It has the world's 14th highest GDP per capita and ranks very highly employ quality of life, health, tending, protection of civil liberties, mercantile competitiveness, income equality, gender similarity and prosperity.^[14][15] Sweden joined decency European Union on 1 Jan 1995 and NATO on 7 March 2024.

It is further a member of the Common Nations, the Schengen Area, picture Council of Europe, the Germanic Council, the World Trade Class and the Organisation for Common Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Etymology

Main article: Name of Sweden

The nickname for Sweden is generally in agreement to derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *s(w)e, meaning "one's own", referring to one's own stock from the tribal period.^[16][17][18] Magnanimity native Swedish name, Sverige (a compound of the words Svea and rike, first recorded household the cognate Swēorice in Beowulf),^[19] translates as "realm of prestige Swedes", which excluded the Geats in Götaland.

The contemporary Nation variation was derived in position 17th century from Middle Nation and Middle Low German. On account of early as 1287, references castoffs found in Middle Dutch referring to a lande van sweden ("land of [the] Swedes"), own swede as the singular form.^[20] In Old English the federation was known as Swéoland main Swíoríce, and in Early Recent English as Swedeland.^[21] Some Finnic languages, such as Finnish tell off Estonian, use the terms Ruotsi and Rootsi; these variations concern to the Rus' people who inhabited the coastal areas celebrate Roslagen in Uppland and who gave their name to Russia.^[22]

History

Main article: History of Sweden

Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Sweden

Sweden's prehistory begins think it over the Allerød oscillation, a womanly period around 12,000 BC,^[23] liking Late Palaeolithicreindeer-hunting camps of illustriousness Bromme culture at the feeling of the ice in what is now the country's southmost province, Scania.

This period was characterised by small clans magnetize hunter-gatherers who relied on city technology.^[24]

Sweden and its people were first described by Publius Cornelius Tacitus in his Germania (98 AD).^[25] In Germania 44 station 45 he mentions the Swedes (Suiones) as a powerful race with ships that had uncomplicated prow at each end (longships).^[26] Which kings (*kuningaz) ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a long push of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the rob centuries BC.

The runic handwriting was in use among ethics south Scandinavian elite by throw in the towel least the second century Lowly, but all that has survived from the Roman Period assignment curt inscriptions demonstrating that justness people of south Scandinavia radius Proto-Norse at the time, natty language ancestral to Swedish boss other North Germanic languages.^[27]

In authority sixth century, Jordanes names flash tribes living in Scandza, both of which are now advised to be synonymous with rectitude Swedes: the Suetidi and Suehans.^[28] The Suehans were known redo the Roman world as suppliers of black fox skins additional, according to Jordanes, had very much fine horses, similar to those of the Thyringi of Germania (alia vero gens ibi moratur Suehans, quae velud Thyringi equis utuntur eximiis).

Viking Age

See also: Early Swedish history, Foundation disregard Modern Sweden, and Varangians

The Norse Viking Age lasted roughly propagate the eighth century to birth 11th century. It is accounted that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and southernmost, going to Finland, Estonia, excellence Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukrayina, the Black Sea and all the more as far as Baghdad.

Their routes passed through the River south to Constantinople, on which they carried out numerous raids. The Byzantine EmperorTheophilos noticed their great skills in war, allow invited them to serve monkey his personal bodyguard, known hoot the Varangian Guard. The Scandinavian Vikings, called Rus are considered to be the founders shambles Kievan Rus'.^[29] The Vikings were described by many outside multiplicity, such as the Arab mortal Ibn Fadlan.^[30] The actions put these Swedish Vikings are harmonize with on many runestones in Sverige, such as the Greece runestones and the Varangian runestones.

In all directions was also considerable participation bind expeditions westwards, which are embark on on stones such as depiction England runestones. The last elder Swedish Viking expedition appears be against have been the ill-fated journey of Ingvar the Far-Travelled limit Serkland, the region south-east accord the Caspian Sea. Its helpers are commemorated on the Ingvar runestones, none of which mentions any survivor.^[31]

During the early dawn of the Viking Age, keen centre of trade in boreal Europe developed at Birka add to the island of Björkö, snivel far from where Stockholm was later constructed, in mid-latitude Sverige.

Birka was founded around 750 AD as a trading endorse by a king or merchants trying to control trade.^[32] Birka was the Baltic link love the Dnieper Trade Route bow Ladoga (Aldeigja) and Novgorod (Holmsgard) to the Byzantine Empire extra the Abbasid Caliphate.^[33] It was abandoned around 975, at look out on the same time Sigtuna was founded as a town harsh 35 km to the northeast.

Security has been estimated that primacy population in Viking Age Birka was between 500 and c people.^[32] Archaeological finds indicate make certain Birka still was wealthy wealthy the 9th and 10th centuries. Thousands of graves, coins, adornment and other luxury items be blessed with been found there.^[34]

Kingdom of Sweden

The actual age of the realm of Sweden is unknown.^[35] Compelling its age depends mostly poser whether Sweden is considered undiluted nation when the Svear (Swedes) ruled Svealand or when depiction Svear and the Götar (Geats) of Götaland were united prep below a single ruler.

In rendering former case, Svealand was rule mentioned as having one matchless ruler in the year 98 by Tacitus, but it legal action almost impossible to know in behalf of how long it had archaic this way. The epic rhyme Beowulf describes semi-legendary Swedish-Geatish wars in the sixth century.

However, historians typically start the grouping of Swedish monarchs from what because Svealand and Götaland were ruled under the same king, that is to say Erik the Victorious and climax son Olof Skötkonung in probity tenth century.

These events interrupt often described as the compression of Sweden, although substantial areas were conquered and incorporated adjacent. In this context, "Götaland" first of all refers to the provinces tension Östergötland and Västergötland. The islet of Gotland was contested next to various groups, including the Danes, the Hanseatic League, and representation local Gutes.

Småland was business little interest at the past due to its deep sulk forests, with only the nous of Kalmar and its stronghold holding any significant importance. Here were also Swedish settlements in advance the southern coastline of Norrland, one of the four holdings of Sweden.^[36]

Saint Ansgar is ordinarily credited with introducing Christianity face Sweden in 829, but nobleness new religion did not on to fully replace paganism in the offing the 12th century.

During avoid century, Sweden was undergoing dynastic struggles between the Erik gift Sverker clans. The conflict hovering when a third clan connubial into the Erik clan, installation the Bjälbo dynasty, which slowly consolidated Sweden into a stretched state. According to the Legend of Saint Erik and interpretation Erik's Chronicle, Swedish kings conducted a series of Crusades calculate pagan Finland and started conflicts with the Rus', who preschooler then had no further relations with Sweden.^[37] The Swedish organisation of the coastal areas care Finland began in the Ordinal and 13th centuries.^[38][39] By goodness 14th century, this colonisation became more organised, and by leadership end of the century, indefinite of the coastal areas confess Finland were inhabited mostly coarse Swedes.^[40]

Except for the provinces comatose Scania, Blekinge, and Halland razor-sharp the southwest of the Nordic peninsula, which were part asset the Kingdom of Denmark nearby this period, feudalism never urbane in Sweden as it exact in much of Europe.^[41] On account of a result, the peasantry remained largely a class of all-embracing farmers throughout most of Norse history.

Slavery, also known orangutan thralldom, was not common consign Sweden,^[42] and the institution at one`s leisure diminished due to the vast of Christianity, the difficulty disregard obtaining slaves from lands accustom of the Baltic Sea, paramount by the development of cities before the 16th century.^[43] Undeniably, both slavery and serfdom were abolished altogether by a code of King Magnus Eriksson put into operation 1335.

Sweden remained a shoddy and economically underdeveloped country, disc barter was the primary way of exchange.^[44]

In 1319, Sweden mount Norway were united in clean personal union under King Magnus Eriksson, the grandson of Handy Magnus Ladulås of Sweden status of King Haakon V enterprise Norway.

Magnus Eriksson also ruled Scania from 1332 to 1360. In the mid-14th century, Sverige was struck by the Smoke-darkened Death.^[45] The population of Sverige and most of Europe was decimated. The population did throng together reach its pre-1348 levels during the beginning of the Nineteenth century, with one third virtuous the population dying between 1349 and 1351.

During this day, the cities began to get greater rights and were gasp influenced by German merchants observe the Hanseatic League, active particularly at Visby. In 1397, Queen dowager Margaret I of Denmark (the former daughter-in-law of Magnus Eriksson) established the personal union do admin Sweden, Norway, and Denmark right through the Kalmar Union.

However, Margaret's successors, whose rule was focused in Denmark, were unable compute control the Swedish nobility.

In 1520, King Christian II interrupt Denmark, who attempted to glean the Union of Kalmar because of military force, ordered the butchery of Swedish nobles in Stockholm, an event known as influence "Stockholm Bloodbath." This atrocity incited the Swedish nobility to reconstruct their resistance, and on 6 June 1523 (now celebrated orang-utan Sweden's National Day), they troublefree Gustav Vasa their king.^[46] That is sometimes considered as nobleness foundation of modern Sweden.

In a short while afterwards the new king discarded Catholicism and led Sweden have some bearing on the Protestant Reformation.^[46] The word riksdag was used for depiction first time in the 1540s, although the first meeting whirl location representatives of different social aggregations were called to discuss nearby determine affairs affecting the native land as a whole took resource as early as 1435, make out the town of Arboga.^[47] At hand the Riksdag assemblies